Design of Sandwich Transducer Based on the Equivalent Length Algorithm

The sandwich transducer structure is comprised of three components along its main axis: the back metal cap, piezoelectric ceramic stack and the horn. The purpose of this work is to present a simplified method, referred as the equivalent length algorithm, to design the actuator parameters including each segment length and the resonance frequency f_s. The actuator length L and the propagation wavelength λ along its main axis satisfy the standing wave theory. So, define an equivalent length coefficient for each part of the actuator, and then the sandwich structure is regarded as a single material cylindrical rod with equivalent length L′. According to the standing wave theory, the equivalent length L′ of the actuator can be determined with the given resonance frequency f_s, or vice versa. The phase length of each part of the actuator in the standing wave is optimized freely in the design procedure. The actual length of each part of the actuator is determined by the equivalent length coefficient. Finally, the resonance frequencies of three given actuators are calculated with this method. They are compared with those obtained through Ansys simulation and those measured by an impedance analyzer. The results show agreement.     

基于FPGA的高强度聚焦超声相位控制系统设计*

多阵元相控阵换能器具有焦距可调和可实现经颅聚焦等优势,近来受到众多研究者的关注,其相位控制系统是决定多阵元相控换能器能否应用于临床的关键技术之一。在输出信号稳定的同时提高高强度聚焦超声相位控制系统精度是设计过程中的重点与难点。本文基于现场可编程门阵列设计了一种高强度聚焦超声相位控制系统。实测结果表明,多通道延时分辨率为1 ns,延时误差小于1 ns,可满足多阵元高强度聚焦超声治疗相控聚焦换能器延时精度的需要。     

硅油介质中矩形电容式微机械超声换能器发射与接收声场特性研究

与传统压电式超声换能器相比,基于微机电系统微加工技术制备的电容式微机械超声换能器(CMUT)具有频带宽、灵敏度高、一致性好、易于集成等优势,在医学超声成像中具有广阔的应用前景。该文针对研制的矩形CMUT器件,开展硅油介质中CMUT发射、接收声场特性的理论分析及实验验证研究。首先,针对CMUT阵元结构特征和工作原理,根据指向性函数理论和Bridge乘积原理,建立了矩形CMUT阵元指向性函数分析模型。此基础上,分析微元数目以及谐振频率对CMUT指向性的影响规律。最后,针对7 mm×7 mm二维矩形CMUT在硅油介质中的发射和接收特性进行了实验验证,测试表明发射指向性曲线与仿真理论曲线基本吻合;此外,CMUT接收与发射指向性的测试表明,收发指向性具有一致性,从而验证了声场的互易性。该文的研究对CMUT器件的封装设计以及基于CMUT阵列的乳腺超声CT成像系统的研制具有重要参考价值。     

Nonlinearity analysis of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers based on couple stress theory

This paper studies the static deformation behavior of a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) actuated by a strong external electric field. The transducer membrane consists of a piezoelectric layer, a passive layer and two electrode layers. The nonlinearities of the piezoelectric layer caused by electrostriction under a strong electric field are analyzed. Because the thickness of the transducer membrane is on the microscale, the size dependence of the deformation behavior is evaluated using the couple stress theory. The results show that the optimal ratio of the top electrode diameter and the membrane diameter is around 0.674. It is also found that this optimal value does not depend on any other parameters if the thicknesses of the two electrodes are negligible compared with those of the piezoelectric and passive layers. In addition, the nonlinearities of the piezoelectric layer will become stronger along with the increase of the electric field, which means that softening of the membrane stiffness occurs when a strong external electric field is applied. Meanwhile, the optimal thickness ratio for the passive layer and the piezoelectric layer is not equal to 1.0 which is usually adopted by previous researchers. Because there exists size dependence of membrane deformation, the optimal value of this thickness ratio needs to be greater than 1.0 on the microscale.     

Circuit-field coupled finite element analysis method for an electromagnetic acoustic transducer under pulsed voltage excitation

This paper presents an analytical method for electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) under voltage excitation and considers the non-uniform distribution of the biased magnetic field. A complete model of EMATs including the non-uniform biased magnetic field, a pulsed eddy current field and the acoustic field is built up. The pulsed voltage excitation is transformed to the frequency domain by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). In terms of the time harmonic field equations of the EMAT system, the impedances of the coils under different frequencies are calculated according to the circuit-field coupling method and Poynting’s theorem. Then the currents under different frequencies are calculated according to Ohm’s law and the pulsed current excitation is obtained by inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT). Lastly, the sequentially coupled finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the Lorentz force in the EMATs under the current excitation. An actual EMAT with a two-layer two-bundle printed circuit board (PCB) coil, a rectangular permanent magnet and an aluminium specimen is analysed. The coil impedances and the pulsed current are calculated and compared with the experimental results. Their agreement verified the validity of the proposed method. Further- more, the influences of lift-off distances and the non-uniform static magnetic field on the Lorentz force under pulsed voltage excitation are studied.     

面向CMUT声发射特性的驱动电路优化设计

根据电容式微机械超声换能器(CMUT)的工作原理,设计了用于驱动CMUT发射超声波的电路.通过适当的串行匹配,消除了脉冲激励信号的过冲现象.在此基础上进一步探究了脉冲激励参数对CMUT声发射特性影响.结果表明,随着激励脉冲个数的增加,CMUT输出超声信号的有效带宽逐渐变窄,二次谐波逐渐增强;随着激励脉冲占空比的增加,C...     

压电陶瓷非线性对大功率换能器结构参数匹配影响的计算分析

在Guyomar非线性模型基础上,通过机电等效法将晶堆前向负载作为等效质量和阻尼加入振动方程的质量项和阻尼项,推导了换能器振速、辐射声压级和谐振频率偏移率等表达式,计算分析了压电陶瓷非线性参数和结构参数对换能器声辐射性能的影响,研究了压电陶瓷的非线性对换能器结构参数匹配的影响。结果表明,换能器节面靠前,前盖板厚度越小,前盖板大径越小,都可以减少压电陶瓷非线性引起的换能器频率偏移。当设计频率确定时,压电陶瓷处于非线性工作域的换能器的结构参数有所减小。换能器加入辐射端匹配后,可以改善压电晶堆前向负载匹配,降低换能器的谐振频率偏移率。换能器激励电流也会出现频率偏移现象。在提高换能器激励电压时,换能器的结构参数应适当减小。得到的结论可为换能器设计提供理论依据和帮助。     

超声测距变结构控制系统的研究

本文在超声测距系统中采用了变结构控制理论，根据所测物体的反射界面和介质性质，自动调节超声波发射换能器的功率，建立了超声测距系统的数学模型，对系统方程进行了理论分析，研究了变结构控制系统的设计方法，并结合应用实例，对钻井法凿井用超声波测井仪中超声测距系统进行了计算机仿真，并在实验室进行了实验。     

Study on aerosol agglomeration using the airborne ultrasonic transducer

Acoustic agglomeration technology use high-intensity acoustic field to make aerosol particles collide and condense rapidly. Existing studies have shown that 70%–90% of fine particles can be eliminated within minutes using compression drives and air-jet generators. Currently, there are limitations to the sound sources used. In this paper, an airborne ultrasonic transducer with a resonant frequency of 15 kHz is designed, followed by the corresponding numerical simulation and experiments for the evaluation of the vibration modal and sound pressure field. The sound pressure levels (SPL) of the open space and the agglomeration chamber can reach 150 dB and 156 dB, respectively. The agglomeration effect of water droplets, liquid phase smoke, solid phase smoke and mixed smoke is experimentally investigated, and the light transmittance rapidly increases from 8% to 60% within 4 s, 8 s, 5 s and 6 s, respectively. Agglomeration is also effective in the high-frequency range, and we infer that the acoustic wake effect is the predominant mechanism. The elimination effect is promoted with the increasing of SPL until the corresponding secondary acoustic effect is enhanced. Moreover, the agglomeration rate of higher concentration aerosol is significantly better than that of diluted aerosols in ultrasonic agglomeration process.     

单侧外部驱动弯张换能器

本文设计、制作了一种单侧外部驱动的弯张换能器，并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS构建了有限元模型，对换能器的电声参数进行了预测，计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。实验测得换能器的最大发射电压响应级为142dB，如果将发射电压加到1200V，换能器的最大声源级预计可达203dB。